Russia, the world's fourth-largest emitter of planet-warming carbon dioxide gas, aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2060.

But activists say its current climate goals are woefully insufficient to combat global warming.

In the decree, Putin ordered his government to implement "by 2035 a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 65-67 percent relative to the 1990 level", taking into account the impact of Russia's vast forests that soak up carbon.

This would set Russia's maximum allowed emissions at around two billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2035 -- lower than the record of 3.1 billion tonnes in 1990 but around 22 percent higher than the 2021 figure of 1.7 billion, according to data provided by Russia to the United Nations.

Russia has cautioned against phasing out fossil fuels at previous climate summits.

Its economy is largely dependent on oil and gas exports and it has repeatedly set targets campaigners have described as unclear and unambitious.

Experts say the 1990 baseline is also misleading as Russia's greenhouse gas emissions plunged by more than half between 1990 and 2000, largely due to the collapse of industry following the break-up of the Soviet Union.

The Paris Agreement, which Russia has signed, aims to limit a rise in global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.

Russia is warming 2.5 times faster than the rest of the planet, according to the head of Russia's state meteorological service.

Experts from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have warned that there is a 50/50 chance the world will pass the 1.5C threshold in the early 2030s.