The Overberg mountains stretched along the horizon, but the monitors -- bundled in scarves -- were focused on activity much closer: around a giant wind turbine, a small, dark silhouette had appeared.

"Stop turbine 11, please. Cape vulture," one said into a walkie-talkie. "Stopping turbine 11," came the reply.

Immediately, the blades of the 150-metre (500-feet) turbine began to slow, coming to a complete stop in less than a minute.

BirdLife South Africa estimates that every year an average 4.25 birds are killed per wind turbine, most often when they fly into blades that can reach speeds of up to 280 kilometres (175 miles) per hour.

With more than 1,400 turbines operating across South Africa, an estimated 6,000 birds die this way a year, the group says. Ten percent are endangered species.

To mitigate the impact, Excelsior Wind Farm has implemented a Shutdown on Demand Protocol that prioritises six vulnerable species, including the Cape vulture and endangered black harrier.

When monitors spot one, "they inform the control room via radio and that's when they will turn off the turbine," said conservationist Clarissa Mars, who oversees the programme at the farm 200 kilometres east of Cape Town.

"That takes approximately 43 seconds," she told AFP.

"There were less than eight fatalities for the site in approximately five years," Mars said. "And I'm just very happy knowing there were no fatalities this year."

The Stop on Demand Protocol -- developed in the late 2010s, notably in Kenya -- has been adopted worldwide and was introduced at Excelsior in 2020.

Its impact on energy output at its small operation of 13 turbines has been negligible, said site manager Jacques Redelinghuys.

"We've lost less than 0.5 percent of revenue due to the programme," he said. "And on days like today, when we do produce more due to our high wind speed, we make up for the losses that we incurred."

- Extinction by wind farm? -

While the shutdown protocol has saved some species from the blades at Excelsior, such as the Cape vulture, it has been less effective for the black harrier, a critically endangered bird of which only around 1,300 remain in the world.

The smaller bird is harder for the monitors to spot, conservationist Odette Curtis-Scott said.

The Overberg region is a vital breeding ground for the black harrier, but 95 percent of its natural habitat here has been lost to agriculture, she said.

This forces the bird to travel further in search of water and prey, increasing the risks of colliding with turbines.

"It's not ideal that the wind farm is where it is," said Curtis-Scott, who heads the Overberg Renosterveld Trust.

In early 2025, the trust bought land five kilometres from Excelsior where there is a black harrier colony and about 40 return to breed each year.

Despite the efforts, around 13 black harriers have been killed at South Africa's more than 30 wind farms in the past decade, according to University of Cape Town professor Rob Simmons.

"If we were to kill an extra three to five adult black harriers per year through wind farms, the population will go extinct within 75 to 100 years," he said.

"It's one of the first species in South Africa, possibly even in Africa, for which we know that wind farms can have a direct effect on the potential extinction."

Another potential solution to this "green-green dilemma" is painting turbine blades, Simmons said.

"Birds do not see black and white contrasts as well as we do," he said. "They, therefore, do not see a white blade spinning against a cloudy sky. This is very likely why they do not avoid it."

An experiment at a wind farm 90 kilometres north of Cape Town, where blades were painted with bold red stripes, resulted in a 87 percent drop in bird mortality over two years, he said.

"We cannot continue burning fossil fuels," he said. "Some species, like the black harrier, will not survive climate change. But we also cannot sacrifice numerous birds on the altar of renewable energy."