The European Commission is due to review the target on December 10 as part of a broader rescue plan for the sector but competing demands from member states and industry risk forcing it to push back the date.

The goal of switching all new cars to electric by 2035 was set in 2023 as a flagship measure of the EU's environmental Green Deal and a key step towards the bloc achieving climate neutrality by 2050.

But two years on, calls are mounting to revise the target in the name of "pragmatism".

"Our sector has received the most stringent target as it was perceived to be one of the easiest to decarbonise," the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA) said in a policy paper.

"But the reality has proven much more complicated."

Meanwhile, Chinese carmakers are flooding the European market with cheaper electric models, sparking fears of an unprecedented crisis among the bloc's manufacturers, with mass layoffs and factory closures looming.

"The ground is slipping beneath our feet," the head of France's Plateforme automotive industry group Luc Chatel warned last month, saying the sector was the victim of "political and dogmatic choices, not technological ones".

- Germany, Italy push for exemptions -

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz has emerged as a leading voice in support of carmakers, urging Brussels to allow sales of plug-in hybrids, range-extender vehicles and highly efficient combustion engines beyond 2035.

Italy wants new cars running on biofuels to remain legal after the deadline.

In the opposing camp, France wants to stick as closely as possible to the all-electric trajectory to safeguard massive investments already made by its carmakers.

"If we abandon the 2035 target, forget about European battery plants," President Emmanuel Macron warned after an EU summit in October.

France is calling for EU support for battery production and proposing mandatory electrification of corporate fleets using European-made vehicles to avoid favouring Chinese brands. Germany opposes such fleet rules.

BMW chief Oliver Zipse argued in Brussels this week that making corporate fleets go fully electric would amount to bringing the combustion-engine ban "through the back door".

Lucien Mathieu, of the Transport & Environment advocacy group, warned meanwhile that exemptions for biofuels "would be a terrible mistake", citing their poor carbon record and unintended impacts such as deforestation.

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ACEA

BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE AG