Indigenous communities living in the remote area of Pira Parana had accused US-based Ruby Canyon Environmental and Colombian company Masbosques, which acted as an intermediary, of illegally foisting the deal on them.
Carbon credits are bought by corporations -- or countries under certain conditions -- from forest preservation or other projects to offset or "compensate" their greenhouse gas emissions.
This money is supposed to go to local communities that protect their home regions from deforestation.
In Pira Parana, the credits -- also known as green bonds -- were sold for about $3.8 million to a Colombian data processing firm called Latin Checkout.
According to EcoRegistry, which keeps tabs on carbon credit trading, Latin Checkout then sold the credits to US airline Delta which faces a lawsuit at home for alleged "greenwashing" by claiming to be carbon-neutral while purchasing questionable carbon offsets.
The deal, signed in March 2021, was for the Indigenous communities to preserve an area of 7,100 square kilometers (2,741 miles) -- close to the size of Puerto Rico.
But the tribes said the deal was signed with false representatives of their communities.
They went to court claiming violations of their rights to territorial autonomy and self-government.
On Monday, the court ordered the tribes' legitimate representatives to meet and decide within six months whether to authorize a new agreement.
If they do not, authorities must "ensure" the carbon credit project "is no longer carried out in the territory," the judges ruled.
The concept behind carbon credits has taken a major hit recently as scientific research has repeatedly shown claims of reduced emissions being hugely overestimated -- or even nonexistent.
In late 2023, AFP walked, motor-boated and overflew part of the Pira Parana territory, an area so remote it is accessible only by million-dollar private flights or a boat trip of at least six days from the nearest city of Mitu.
There, local leaders said they wished they had never heard of the deal.
While it brought an economic "bonanza," it also led to conflict in communities unaccustomed to handling large sums of money and a loss of Indigenous autonomy, they said.
The project "contaminates spiritually, physically, it destroys everything... in this territory, for money," Indigenous leader Fabio Valencia said at the time.
Some experts have said there was no real deforestation threat in the area and therefore no emissions "savings" to be made.
The Constitutional Court case was the first of its kind in Colombia.
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