Thousands of black-clad students rallied in central Hong Kong Monday at the start of a two-week university boycott, piling pressure on the city's leaders to resolve months of increasingly violent anti-government protests that show no sign of easing.

Students have been the backbone of opposition to government plans to allow extraditions to China, a movement that has morphed into wider protests against the Beijing-backed territory's unelected leadership.

Hundreds have been arrested in violent clashes with police, and an increasingly shrill Beijing has labelled protesters "terrorists", with an editorial by China's state news agency Sunday warning "the end is coming".

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said Monday the protests had "gone beyond the scope of freedom of assembly and demonstration".

"They have evolved into extreme acts of violence, seriously challenging the legal system and social order of Hong Kong," he told a press conference.

Hong Kong enjoys freedoms unseen on the Chinese mainland under the "one country, two systems" banner inherited following the handover from Britain in 1997, but locals fear those rights are being eroded.

On Monday, as universities reopened after the summer break, thousands of students skipped classes and gathered instead in central Hong Kong.

"Today is the first day of school, but I still want to come out," a 19-year-old university student named Tommy told AFP.

"I don't think we will miss anything. This is also a form of learning."

Earlier Monday, a call for a general strike went largely unheeded -- but riot police patrolled some subway stations after protesters briefly disrupted services during rush hour by preventing train doors from closing.

Elsewhere, secondary pupils formed human chains at schools, and nurses carrying pro-democracy placards lined hospital corridors in flash protests to show support for the anti-government movement.

"Hong Kong is our home... we are the future of the city and have to take up responsibility to save it," said a 17-year-old secondary school student who gave her surname as Wong.

- Worst violence in decades -

One nurse suggested the protest is doomed because China will never allow the Hong Kong government to concede to protester demands.

"But we still have to stand and say something. At least we have shown the world what is happening," she told AFP, requesting anonymity.

Over the weekend the city witnessed some of the worst civic violence in decades as protesters lobbed bricks and petrol bombs at police, who responded with tear gas, water cannon and baton charges.

On Sunday, at least a dozen flights were cancelled after protesters blocked routes to the airport.

A day earlier hardcore protesters rampaged through the city centre, setting fires and throwing petrol bombs at riot police in defiance of a ban on marching.

Video footage captured by local media showed police charge and beat people cowering inside a train carriage, with Amnesty International calling their actions "horrifying".

The images have fortified anger against the police, who protesters accuse of brutality.

Hong Kong's security minister described protester violence as "on the verge of being out-of-control".

"I call on the general public to reject violence, keep our society in order and safeguard the rule of law," John Lee Ka-chiu told reporters.

Mak Chin-ho, an assistant commissioner of police, said 159 people had been arrested between Friday and Sunday, aged from 13 to 58.

"All this pushes Hong Kong to the brink of great danger," he told a press briefing.

Embattled city leader Carrie Lam has done little to directly address the crisis, save offer to form a largely derided "platform for dialogue".

Her removal is one of the key demands made by protesters, who also want the extradition bill to be formally scrapped, and an independent inquiry into alleged police brutality.

The protesters want the city's leader and all its lawmakers to be directly elected, scrapping the current system that heavily favours Beijing-backed candidates.

Hong Kong's reputation as a stable place to do business has been shaken by the protests.

Visitor arrivals have plummeted, hotel vacancies have soared and retailers have reported huge losses.

Arrests jump in China's Xinjiang amid crackdown
Beijing (AFP) Sept 2, 2019 - The number of people arrested and imprisoned in China's Xinjiang skyrocketed in 2017, according to official data, as Beijing tightens its grip on the troubled region with surveillance and mass detentions.

One in five arrests made in China in 2017 took place in Xinjiang, although the region is home to just two percent of the country's population, data from the local prosecutor's office showed.

This is a sharp increase from a decade earlier when the area accounted for only two percent of all arrests in the country.

Beijing has come under international criticism over its policies in Xinjiang, where as many as one million Uighurs and other mostly Muslim minorities are being held in internment camps, according to human rights groups.

China defends the mass detentions as necessary to counter religious extremism and terrorism.

But a sharp increase in the number incarcerated for disrupting public security signalled that the justice system was also being used to target Uighurs and other Muslims in the region and put them behind bars for longer periods, said Patrick Poon, China researcher for Amnesty International.

The number of cases linked to "endangering public security" -- a vague charge that covers everything from gathering in large groups without official permission to incidents of mass stabbing -- jumped to 60,510 in 2017 compared to just 1,710 a decade earlier, data from the Xinjiang Yearbook published by the High People's Procuratorate showed.

There were nearly 50,000 cases linked to "damaging social order" in 2017, up from 1,764 in 2007. The charge refers to interfering with the work of law enforcement authorities or government officials.

"In some cases, we learned from overseas family members that... their relatives (in Xinjiang) were secretly tried and sentenced to a few years and in some cases even up to 10 or 20 years imprisonment," Poon said.

"Many were not able to find out and verify the exact details and their relatives' whereabouts."

It is impossible to imagine that a judge in Xinjiang would give a "fair hearing to a defendant", Donald C. Clarke, a professor who has written about the mass detentions, told the New York Times, which first reported the data.

The "sudden increase" in both arrests and imprisonments in 2017, compared to the previous year, is likely the result of hardline tactics adopted by the region's Communist Party chief Chen Quanguo, who was appointed in August 2016, said Frances Eve, a researcher at the rights group Chinese Human Rights Defenders.

"Lawyers believe that many so-called 'terrorist' cases in Xinjiang, which virtually always involve ethnic minorities, do not go through appropriate court procedures," she said.

"For instance, these verdicts have often been prepared before trials take place, with government or Party officials deciding the sentences, not judges."

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