"I told them that if they don't react, we Europeans will be forced to take strong measures in the coming months," Macron told business daily Les Echos after returning from a state visit to China.
Such measures could be modelled on steps taken by the United States, he said, "such as tariffs on Chinese products, for example".
The EU's trade deficit with China -- the world's second-largest economy after the United States -- exceeded 300 billion euros ($350 billion) in 2024, Les Echos said.
The 27 European Union members cannot set trade policy, including tariffs, individually, instead being represented by the EU Commission.
Macron, whose country is the EU's second-largest economy after Germany, acknowledged that it was a challenge to get consensus on the China tariff question across the bloc.
Germany, with its strong presence in China, he said, "is not yet entirely aligned with our position".
US President Donald Trump's administration slapped tariffs of 57 percent on Chinese products this year, although this was cut to 47 percent as part of a deal between both countries reached in October.
"China wants to pierce the heart of the European industrial and innovation model, which has been historically based on machine tools and the automobile," Macron said.
US protectionism had aggravated the problem for the EU, Macron said, since China was "massively" re-directing products initially earmarked for America towards Europe.
"We are caught in the middle today," Macron said. "This is a question of life and death for European industry."
During his visit to China, Macron said the EU needed to accept more Chinese direct investment as part of efforts to reduce the trade deficit.
"We cannot always be importing, Chinese companies must come to Europe," he told Les Echos, adding, however, that Chinese businesses could not be allowed to act like "predators" with "hegemonic objectives".
The EU needed to combine protection for its most vulnerable sectors, such as the car industry, with a boost to competitiveness, he urged.
Pandas and ping-pong: Macron ending China visit on lighter note
Chengdu, China (AFP) Dec 5, 2025 -
An ancient dam, pandas and ping-pong: French leader Emmanuel Macron concluded his fourth state visit to China on Friday, striking a more relaxed note in the city of Chengdu after tough discussions on Ukraine and trade with his counterpart Xi Jinping a day earlier.
Far from the imposing Great Hall of the People in Beijing where the two leaders held talks, Xi and First Lady Peng Liyuan showed Macron and his wife Brigitte around the centuries-old Dujiangyan Dam, a World Heritage Site set against the mountainous landscape of Sichuan province in the centre of China.
Macron, who was earlier filmed going for a morning jog near a lake alongside his security detail, was told through an interpreter about the ancient irrigation system, which dates back to the third century BC and continues to provide water to the Sichuan Basin plain.
The French president said he was "very touched" by the gesture, a departure from official protocol. He had previously hosted Xi in the Pyrenees -- where he had spent time as a child -- in May 2024.
Macron said the trip was a sign of mutual trust and a desire to "act together" at a time when international tensions are rising and trade imbalances are widening to China's advantage.
The two presidential couples will part ways after a lunch, with the Macrons continuing the trip independently.
- Panda diplomacy -
Macron was given a rock star welcome by students in Chengdu, China's fourth-largest city with 21 million inhabitants that is considered one of the most culturally and socially open in China.
Hundreds of people, including students and residents, lined the outside of a Sichuan University sports stadium -- some for hours -- to greet him, cheering as he arrived.
"I'm very happy and honoured that he has come to Chengdu and our Sichuan University," material sciences student Ye Maoxuan said, describing the French president as "charming".
Brigitte Macron, meanwhile, will visit the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, where two 17-year-old pandas, loaned to France in 2012 as part of China's "panda diplomacy", have just returned.
There, she will meet Yuan Meng, the first giant panda born in France in 2017, to whom she is "Godmother", and who arrived in China in 2023.
China has promised to send two new giant pandas to France, to replace those that were returned to Chengdu, with the director of Beauval Zoo saying on Friday they would be sent by 2027.
"We will definitely receive new pandas. I hope this transfer of pandas will happen fairly quickly. In any case, it will be by early 2027 at the latest," Rodolphe Delord said.
The forests of Sichuan are home to numerous protected species, from snow leopards to giant pandas.
Through loans to zoos, China has made these bears emblematic ambassadors of its friendship with peoples from Japan to Germany.
Cubs born abroad are sent a few years later to Chengdu to participate in breeding and rehabilitation programmes in the wild.
For his part, the French president will meet table tennis brothers Alexis and Felix Lebrun, stars of the 2024 Paris Olympics, who are in China for the Mixed Team Table Tennis World Cup.
- Tentative Signals -
The French president used the trip to urge Xi to work towards ending the war in Ukraine and to correct the trade imbalances with France and Europe.
"We must maintain the war effort... and increase pressure on the Russian economy in particular," Macron told students at Sichuan University on Friday.
"Unity between the Americans and the Europeans on the Ukrainian issue is essential," he said. "We must not give in to any spirit of division. We need the US to have peace. The US needs us for this peace to be robust and lasting."
China regularly calls for peace talks and respect for the territorial integrity of all countries, but has never condemned Russia for its 2022 invasion.
Western governments accuse Beijing of providing Russia with crucial economic support for its war effort, notably by supplying it with military components for its defence industry, something Beijing denies.
Emmanuel Macron's call for increased Chinese investment in France appears to have been heeded.
A letter of intent to this effect was signed on Thursday, with Xi Jinping stating his readiness to "increase reciprocal investments" for a "fair trading environment".
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