The case before the top court involves the Republican leader's bid to end automatic citizenship for children born on American soil.
But the immediate question at hand is whether a single federal judge can block a president's policies with an injunction that applies nationwide.
Trump's executive order to end birthright citizenship has been paused separately by district courts in Maryland, Massachusetts and Washington state who deemed it unconstitutional.
Other Trump initiatives have also been frozen by judges around the nation -- both Democratic and Republican appointees -- leading the Justice Department to make an emergency appeal to the Supreme Court, where conservatives make up a 6-3 majority.
"The need for this Court's intervention has become urgent as universal injunctions have reached tsunami levels," Solicitor General John Sauer, who will argue Thursday for Trump, said in a court filing.
"The injunctions irreparably injure our system of separated powers by forbidding the Executive Branch from effectuating a fundamental policy of the President."
Trump, in a post on Truth Social, personally railed against "unlawful" nationwide injunctions by "Radical Left Judges," saying they could "lead to the destruction of our Country!"
"These judges want to assume the Powers of the Presidency, without having to attain 80 million votes," he said, in reference to his 2024 election victory.
Past presidents also complained about national injunctions shackling their agenda, but such orders have sharply risen under Trump. His administration saw more in two months than Joe Biden did during his first three years in office.
Steven Schwinn, constitutional law professor at the University of Illinois Chicago, said there is a simple reason.
"We've seen a flurry of activity from the Trump administration like we've never seen from another president," Schwinn told AFP.
"The Trump administration is overreaching time and time again and the courts are doing what courts do, and that is restrain illegalities in a separation of power system."
- Uniformity of US citizenship -
The Trump administration is asking the Supreme Court to restrict the application of a district court's injunction solely to the parties who brought the case and the district where the judge presides.
Two groups challenging Trump's order -- CASA and ASAP -- said that makes no sense.
"The universal injunction in this case preserves the uniformity of United States citizenship, an area in which nationwide consistency is vitally important," they said. "Whether a child is a citizen of our Nation should not depend on the state where she is born."
If the court sides with Trump, "an infant would be a United States citizen and full member of society if born in New Jersey, but a deportable noncitizen if born in Tennessee."
Another underlying problem in the case is what is known as "judge shopping," where plaintiffs seeking a nationwide injunction bring lawsuits before courts they believe will be sympathetic.
Conservatives effectively used this tactic during the Biden administration, filing a suit, for example, seeking to ban an abortion pill before a Trump-appointed judge in Texas known to oppose abortion.
Trump signed an executive order on his first day in office decreeing that children born to parents in the United States illegally or on temporary visas would not automatically become US citizens.
The three lower courts ruled that to be a violation of the 14th Amendment, which states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States."
Trump's order was premised on the idea that anyone in the United States illegally, or on a visa, was not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the country, and therefore excluded from this category.
The Supreme Court rejected such a narrow definition in a landmark 1898 case.
Whatever the justices decide on nationwide injunctions, the actual question of whether Trump can legally end automatic birthright citizenship is expected to be back before the top court "probably sooner rather than later," Schwinn said.
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